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Results Note

The reported results are generated using a controlled synthetic limit order book (LOB) environment with a causal regime structure.

Key points:

  • The data includes a latent build-up regime preceding observable stress with a delayed transition.
  • Evaluation is performed using lead-time (Δ = σ τ), measuring how early a signal occurs relative to stress.
  • Precision corresponds to the fraction of detections that occur before stress (early detection rate).
  • Coverage measures the fraction of stress events that are successfully detected early.

The proposed method prioritizes early and reliable detection over exhaustive coverage. As a result:

  • Lead-times are strictly positive.
  • Precision is high (often 100%).
  • Coverage is moderate, reflecting a deliberate trade-off between early detection and signal frequency.

Baseline methods (imbalance and volatility) achieve higher coverage but produce negative lead-times, indicating reactive behavior.

All results are reproducible via the provided pipeline and reflect the designed causal structure of the environment.